Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121Metaphorical Analysis of “Feminine” Conceptualization by of Activist women on Farsi InstagramMetaphorical Analysis of “Feminine” Conceptualization by of Activist women on Farsi Instagram9318750410.22059/ijar.2022.343005.459751FAAbdollahBicharanlouAssistant Professor, The University of Tehran0000-0002-1266-9671ZohreBavaliM.A of Media & Cultural Studies, The University of TehranJournal Article20220513By studying the conceptual statements in a language on the feminine & femininity, one can find out the cognition system of a language speakers on the feminine. By expansion of using social media including social networks, women activists use these media in line with their goals too. This paper aims to study the way of feminine conceptualization by activist women on Farsi Instagram and their understanding of femininity experience & basic metaphors which interconnect the meanings of femininity. To realize the paper aim cognitive linguistics approaches applied to answer these questions: 1. what metaphors are constructed by activist women speaking Persian on the feminine & femininity on Instagram social network? 2. What meanings are constructed by activist women speaking Persian on the feminine & femininity on Instagram? 3. How activist women speaking Persian think about the feminine & femininity on Persian Instagram? <br />The qualitative analysis method has been applied to gather the research data and MIP (metaphor identification procedure) has been used to analyze the data. By analyzing the shared posts on Instagram by 40 selected activist women. 160 conceptual metaphors were extracted for metaphorical analysis which have been categorized in 3 macro conceptual domains.By studying the conceptual statements in a language on the feminine & femininity, one can find out the cognition system of a language speakers on the feminine. By expansion of using social media including social networks, women activists use these media in line with their goals too. This paper aims to study the way of feminine conceptualization by activist women on Farsi Instagram and their understanding of femininity experience & basic metaphors which interconnect the meanings of femininity. To realize the paper aim cognitive linguistics approaches applied to answer these questions: 1. what metaphors are constructed by activist women speaking Persian on the feminine & femininity on Instagram social network? 2. What meanings are constructed by activist women speaking Persian on the feminine & femininity on Instagram? 3. How activist women speaking Persian think about the feminine & femininity on Persian Instagram? <br />The qualitative analysis method has been applied to gather the research data and MIP (metaphor identification procedure) has been used to analyze the data. By analyzing the shared posts on Instagram by 40 selected activist women. 160 conceptual metaphors were extracted for metaphorical analysis which have been categorized in 3 macro conceptual domains.https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_87504_c2a372a5b27260090d8107bafe504e6f.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121Studying Power and Resistance Relations in Contemporary World: An Ethnographic Analysis of the Experience of the 2015 Arbaeen MarchStudying Power and Resistance Relations in Contemporary World: An Ethnographic Analysis of the Experience of the 2015 Arbaeen March33678757510.22059/ijar.2022.339792.459742FAHamidAbdollahyanDepartment of Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran0000-0003-4852-5300Seyed MohammadTabatabaeiDepartment of Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal Article20220228This paper is part of a study that tries to offer a description of the Arbaeen March and explains its socio-anthropological and media and cultural studies significance. The march attracts people from various parts of Iraq and across world and ends in Karbala. The welcome and participation of people in the Arbaeen March as a field of study and a cultural space encouraged us to get involved in the Arbaeen March in 2015 and 2016 for 21 days in the company of others. The March took place at a distance of 240 km. the question here is why has Arbaeen become an extra-national phenomenon. we will use Turner’s approach, to explain how the marchers separate from everyday-life and experienced a limen and ‘threshold’ status within the social context. This is a state of liberation from the symbols of modernized life, followed by the unity and being together in conditions. Such condition is the same for every participant, a condition that is free from social constraints and monotonous conditions of daily life. Such separation is not experienced in normal social situations. The field research of the present study consists of rituals and how they can reflect power and resistance relations.This paper is part of a study that tries to offer a description of the Arbaeen March and explains its socio-anthropological and media and cultural studies significance. The march attracts people from various parts of Iraq and across world and ends in Karbala. The welcome and participation of people in the Arbaeen March as a field of study and a cultural space encouraged us to get involved in the Arbaeen March in 2015 and 2016 for 21 days in the company of others. The March took place at a distance of 240 km. the question here is why has Arbaeen become an extra-national phenomenon. we will use Turner’s approach, to explain how the marchers separate from everyday-life and experienced a limen and ‘threshold’ status within the social context. This is a state of liberation from the symbols of modernized life, followed by the unity and being together in conditions. Such condition is the same for every participant, a condition that is free from social constraints and monotonous conditions of daily life. Such separation is not experienced in normal social situations. The field research of the present study consists of rituals and how they can reflect power and resistance relations.https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_87575_e53145011a612ff5f5ad6af22e75f405.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121The Cow Feast: An Anthropological Reflection on Academic Rituals in TurkeyThe Cow Feast: An Anthropological Reflection on Academic Rituals in Turkey69988682110.22059/ijar.2022.339988.459743FARezaEskandariPh.D. student, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranAbouAliVedadhirAssociate Professor, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran0000-0001-8620-1396HassanHazratiAssociate Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of TehranJournal Article20220304This study is an attempt to reflect on and analyze the cow feast (İnek Bayramı) in Mulkiye taking approaches in anthropology of science and under the concept of authoritarian modernization in the context of Turkey. The cow feast is an academic ritual that was held annually in May at the Faculty of Political Science (Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi) of Ankara University in Turkey before the Covid-19 epidemic and the emergence of some security, political and health issues and considerations. In this article, we seek to theoretically formulate the role and function of such a ceremony in the establishment and stability of a new epistemological system based on the collected data about this feast, and interviews with key informants, and of course referring to historical and contextual sources. Our reflection reveals that the cow feast is a compensatory ritual in the face of the epistemological crisis of the late Ottoman and early Turkish Republics, and can be understood and analysed with integration of components of Sharon Traweek, Emily Martin, Tony Bechter, Peter Trowler, Bruno Latour and Victor Turner’s ideas largely from anthropology of science.This study is an attempt to reflect on and analyze the cow feast (İnek Bayramı) in Mulkiye taking approaches in anthropology of science and under the concept of authoritarian modernization in the context of Turkey. The cow feast is an academic ritual that was held annually in May at the Faculty of Political Science (Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi) of Ankara University in Turkey before the Covid-19 epidemic and the emergence of some security, political and health issues and considerations. In this article, we seek to theoretically formulate the role and function of such a ceremony in the establishment and stability of a new epistemological system based on the collected data about this feast, and interviews with key informants, and of course referring to historical and contextual sources. Our reflection reveals that the cow feast is a compensatory ritual in the face of the epistemological crisis of the late Ottoman and early Turkish Republics, and can be understood and analysed with integration of components of Sharon Traweek, Emily Martin, Tony Bechter, Peter Trowler, Bruno Latour and Victor Turner’s ideas largely from anthropology of science.https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_86821_0d9c1aeb59a173314172a740b609c66c.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121Consumption Pattern of Disposable Food ContainersConsumption Pattern of Disposable Food Containers991218865410.22059/ijar.2022.346080.459763FAZohrehAnvariAssistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000000169451027Journal Article20220722According to previous researches eating in disposable plastic containers can create risks and wastes for the human body. Leaving these containers in nature will cause environmental problems due to the long period of its return to nature's cycle. In this research, we intend to find people's attitude towards consuming such dishes and adress the question that through which processes has the norms of eating and drinking changed? We conducted an in-depth interview with a hundred middle-class of citizens of Tehran. The findings showed that despite the awareness of citizens about these issues, these containers are used in parties due to ease of consuming and carrying, cheapness, easy access, diversity in shape and color, the perception that they are more hygienic than other containers. The prevalence of these dishes has influenced the style of eating. From a Giddensian approach the whole phenomena of "disposability" can be considered as an abstract system by which behaviours relating to eating will be disembedded from its local space-time and will be re-embedded in another level. Trust in this abstract system is to the extent that the harms of consuming the disposals and the damage they cause to the body and nature are not considered.According to previous researches eating in disposable plastic containers can create risks and wastes for the human body. Leaving these containers in nature will cause environmental problems due to the long period of its return to nature's cycle. In this research, we intend to find people's attitude towards consuming such dishes and adress the question that through which processes has the norms of eating and drinking changed? We conducted an in-depth interview with a hundred middle-class of citizens of Tehran. The findings showed that despite the awareness of citizens about these issues, these containers are used in parties due to ease of consuming and carrying, cheapness, easy access, diversity in shape and color, the perception that they are more hygienic than other containers. The prevalence of these dishes has influenced the style of eating. From a Giddensian approach the whole phenomena of "disposability" can be considered as an abstract system by which behaviours relating to eating will be disembedded from its local space-time and will be re-embedded in another level. Trust in this abstract system is to the extent that the harms of consuming the disposals and the damage they cause to the body and nature are not considered.https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_88654_704bd04f6da153b11fb88b2bbf37f7f2.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121Analysis of the Position of Cedar Tree in Persian Culture, Literature, and Folk beliefs based on Jahrom CityAnalysis of the Position of Cedar Tree in Persian Culture, Literature, and Folk beliefs based on Jahrom City1231488730110.22059/ijar.2022.339743.459741FAFatemehTaslim JahromiAssistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Jahrom University, Jahrom, Iran0000-0002-8020-9538Journal Article20220227In Persia, Cedar is considered a sacred tree and can usually be seen next to fire temples, cemeteries and other religious sites. <br />Due to the long presence of this Persian tree and its role in people's lives, this tree has found a place as a living tree and has led to some beliefs such as: sanctity, immortality, fertility, survival and longevity, rooting, fertility and childbirth and a high symbol that Folk literature has also found its way. In folk customs, the leaf and the tree itself have a long presence in birthdays, mourning and religious holidays. In the oral culture of Jahrom, the old cedar trees of Jahrom also have a name that can be related to the belief in humanism and sanctity of this tree. In Pahlavi, the word kunar means border and border guard, and in popular culture, side trees were also used as a border and marker, which indicates that this tree has metaphorically replaced man.<br />This article examines the place and importance of this tree in the culture, beliefs and popular literature of the Persian people by relying on the people of Jahrom by field and descriptive-analytical methods and by analyzing and explaining different examples.In Persia, Cedar is considered a sacred tree and can usually be seen next to fire temples, cemeteries and other religious sites. <br />Due to the long presence of this Persian tree and its role in people's lives, this tree has found a place as a living tree and has led to some beliefs such as: sanctity, immortality, fertility, survival and longevity, rooting, fertility and childbirth and a high symbol that Folk literature has also found its way. In folk customs, the leaf and the tree itself have a long presence in birthdays, mourning and religious holidays. In the oral culture of Jahrom, the old cedar trees of Jahrom also have a name that can be related to the belief in humanism and sanctity of this tree. In Pahlavi, the word kunar means border and border guard, and in popular culture, side trees were also used as a border and marker, which indicates that this tree has metaphorically replaced man.<br />This article examines the place and importance of this tree in the culture, beliefs and popular literature of the Persian people by relying on the people of Jahrom by field and descriptive-analytical methods and by analyzing and explaining different examples.https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_87301_be424ed5767790f855e440aa53d59c4f.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121Understanding of the Factors Affecting Exclusion and Segregation of the Ethnic Minority Groups;
Kolys Living in Nobonyad Town, Sari, Mazandaran, IranUnderstanding of the Factors Affecting Exclusion and Segregation of the Ethnic Minority Groups;
Kolys Living in Nobonyad Town, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran1491878742610.22059/ijar.2022.338185.459734FAElaheKashiriPhD Student in Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, IranNaserBarakpourProfessor in Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220129In spite of the fact that Kolys live for many years in Iran, they have always been excluded by the majorities and have been recognized by a special identity in the imagination of them, so that in different cities, including the city of Sari, they have experienced displacement and leaving their place of residence. Therefore, this research has been done by using ethnographic method and qualitative content analysis with the aim of understanding the contexts, conditions, and experiences of Kolys living in the Nobonyad town about exclusion,. The results of this study show that exclusion of Kolys living in the Nobonyad town is due to two main factors which are different culture and continuous social, economic, political, and legal deprivation. Although each of these factors exacerbates the other, the simultaneous effects of these two factors do not apply to all Kolys. These factors lead to generating fear through othering and generalizing negative imaginations. Overcoming this fear, enables a different set of processes such as rejecting the other, strengthening social capital within the group, reducing exposure and effective out-group relationships, and spatial segregation to take place, which lead to the exclusion of Kolys in various dimensions and domains of everyday life.In spite of the fact that Kolys live for many years in Iran, they have always been excluded by the majorities and have been recognized by a special identity in the imagination of them, so that in different cities, including the city of Sari, they have experienced displacement and leaving their place of residence. Therefore, this research has been done by using ethnographic method and qualitative content analysis with the aim of understanding the contexts, conditions, and experiences of Kolys living in the Nobonyad town about exclusion,. The results of this study show that exclusion of Kolys living in the Nobonyad town is due to two main factors which are different culture and continuous social, economic, political, and legal deprivation. Although each of these factors exacerbates the other, the simultaneous effects of these two factors do not apply to all Kolys. These factors lead to generating fear through othering and generalizing negative imaginations. Overcoming this fear, enables a different set of processes such as rejecting the other, strengthening social capital within the group, reducing exposure and effective out-group relationships, and spatial segregation to take place, which lead to the exclusion of Kolys in various dimensions and domains of everyday life.https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_87426_236e304a94424b2a5785975dd9c9fd2f.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121Processing and Understanding a Paradigm of Mamasani ManProcessing and Understanding a Paradigm of Mamasani Man1892258730010.22059/ijar.2022.338375.459735FAMohammadrezaHafezniaProfessor, Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, IranVahidSadeghiDoctoral Student, Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Ferdosi Mashhad, Mashhad, IranSeyed Mohammad HosseinHosseiniDoctoral Student, Department of International Affairs, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Allameh Tabatabai, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220206Any scientific knowledge of human beings requires the use of a certain paradigm framework. Mamasani populace analysis and processing is no other than this and requires a special paradigm. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to process and understand the paradigm of human beings living in Mamasani geographical space. The basis of the current research is based on the question of how to process and understand the paradigm of Mamasani populace and what are the results? For this purpose, the authors, while examining and analyzing this human being from various historical, geographical, cultural, social, psychological, economic, political and geopolitical perspectives, based on positive, interpretive, critical and postmodern paradigms, have explained a paradigm of this human being. The present study is of a fundamental nature and data mining is descriptive-analytical and collects information based on library data and field findings (interview and observation). The results showed that such cognitive paradigms are effective in the processing of Mamasani populace and his attainment of the cult of personality.Any scientific knowledge of human beings requires the use of a certain paradigm framework. Mamasani populace analysis and processing is no other than this and requires a special paradigm. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to process and understand the paradigm of human beings living in Mamasani geographical space. The basis of the current research is based on the question of how to process and understand the paradigm of Mamasani populace and what are the results? For this purpose, the authors, while examining and analyzing this human being from various historical, geographical, cultural, social, psychological, economic, political and geopolitical perspectives, based on positive, interpretive, critical and postmodern paradigms, have explained a paradigm of this human being. The present study is of a fundamental nature and data mining is descriptive-analytical and collects information based on library data and field findings (interview and observation). The results showed that such cognitive paradigms are effective in the processing of Mamasani populace and his attainment of the cult of personality.https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_87300_ad897a8bc8f0765337e0fbe0b0c10e3f.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121Re-researching on the Motivation and Method of Performing Social Conventions of Zurkhaneh by Examining the Appropriateness of Function and Spatial Physical StructureRe-researching on the Motivation and Method of Performing Social Conventions of Zurkhaneh by Examining the Appropriateness of Function and Spatial Physical Structure2272528829610.22059/ijar.2022.342408.459748FAHosnaVarmaghani- Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.0000-0001-5927-1436Journal Article20220504Zurkhaneh is one of the most popular organs of the city as an extra athletic and educational place, the spiritual heritage of Iranian culture and architecture and its educational teachings include a good trait in personal and social relations. Therefore, the appropriateness of function and physical spatial structure in Zurkhaneh architecture is the subject of the present study. The research method includes a combination of qualitative approach in the form of analysis and interpretation of library information on the theory of environment and social interaction, as well as quantitative / qualitative approach and software based on case study; which has been done by observation and analysis with Depthmap and Agraph computer simulators to study the spatial arrangement of historical buildings of Zurkhaneh in Iran. Examples include 8 important buildings from 3 historical periods of Safavid, Qajar and Pahlavi. Factors affecting the manner of implementation of social conventions in historical zurkhaneh have been evaluated and deduced through comparative study of samples by logical and deductive reasoning. The results show that the position and relationship of the elements in the physical special organization of Zurkhaneh has an effective role in facilitating the implementation of its social conventions.Zurkhaneh is one of the most popular organs of the city as an extra athletic and educational place, the spiritual heritage of Iranian culture and architecture and its educational teachings include a good trait in personal and social relations. Therefore, the appropriateness of function and physical spatial structure in Zurkhaneh architecture is the subject of the present study. The research method includes a combination of qualitative approach in the form of analysis and interpretation of library information on the theory of environment and social interaction, as well as quantitative / qualitative approach and software based on case study; which has been done by observation and analysis with Depthmap and Agraph computer simulators to study the spatial arrangement of historical buildings of Zurkhaneh in Iran. Examples include 8 important buildings from 3 historical periods of Safavid, Qajar and Pahlavi. Factors affecting the manner of implementation of social conventions in historical zurkhaneh have been evaluated and deduced through comparative study of samples by logical and deductive reasoning. The results show that the position and relationship of the elements in the physical special organization of Zurkhaneh has an effective role in facilitating the implementation of its social conventions.https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_88296_6d9ace27931d50596fac506a4d30b742.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121Study and Analysis of Tattoos in Ivan CityStudy and Analysis of Tattoos in Ivan City2532818838110.22059/ijar.2022.342510.459749FAAyoobOmidino0000-0002-0905-7543Journal Article20220504Tattooing is cultural ritual rooted in the religion of the sacrifice; But its ritual-magical aspect has gradually diminished and its aesthetic and visual aspects have remained. Inserting a needle into the skin and shedding some blood and the role of sacred names and signs on the skin is a kind of endurance of suffering to achieve the goal and is a kind of spiritual sacrifice. This research, which is a qualitative study, tries to examine aspects of the culture and beliefs of the people of Ivan, which are reflected in the tattoo designs, by using a phenomenological approach by comparing traditional and modern tattoos. The sampling method is a snowball that, using a semi-structured interview, examined the old and new motifs related to tattoos among two hundred and twenty old and young people in the city of Ivan and its five villages. The results of a ten-month study show that traditional tattoos often focused on healing, repelling wounds, reminiscing about romantic memories, commemorating the death of loved ones, courage, and uniting with the totem; But in today's tattoos, the protest, art, and other aspects of attention are important. In traditional tattoos, images of animals such as deer, lion, snake, eagle;Tattooing is cultural ritual rooted in the religion of the sacrifice; But its ritual-magical aspect has gradually diminished and its aesthetic and visual aspects have remained. Inserting a needle into the skin and shedding some blood and the role of sacred names and signs on the skin is a kind of endurance of suffering to achieve the goal and is a kind of spiritual sacrifice. This research, which is a qualitative study, tries to examine aspects of the culture and beliefs of the people of Ivan, which are reflected in the tattoo designs, by using a phenomenological approach by comparing traditional and modern tattoos. The sampling method is a snowball that, using a semi-structured interview, examined the old and new motifs related to tattoos among two hundred and twenty old and young people in the city of Ivan and its five villages. The results of a ten-month study show that traditional tattoos often focused on healing, repelling wounds, reminiscing about romantic memories, commemorating the death of loved ones, courage, and uniting with the totem; But in today's tattoos, the protest, art, and other aspects of attention are important. In traditional tattoos, images of animals such as deer, lion, snake, eagle;https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_88381_1c7fb5a88f0064b529fdbc89c5b7fd84.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121Study of Social and Cultural Processes of Cashmere Branding in YazdStudy of Social and Cultural Processes of Cashmere Branding in Yazd2833038669310.22059/ijar.2022.337364.459727FAManouchehrAlinejadAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University0000-0002-1766-8977Journal Article20220114Today, a special term called "brand" is used to offer and introduce goods and services and compare them with other similar products. The present study seeks to investigate the social and economic contexts of cashmere branding in Yazd. This research seeks to answer the question of what steps cashmere weaving has taken in Yazd to achieve branding and what are the socio-cultural and economic factors of this branding. The method of the present study was qualitative and the underlying theory was used. And the statistical sample of the research of 11 experts and owners of famous cashmere brands has been selected by purposive sampling in Yazd. The results of data analysis show that the causal conditions affecting the branding of cashmere include the will to reprocess and change the cashmere and try to turn it from handmade and artistic goods and then into modern and machine goods with the aim of mass production. Yazidis 'hard work and transportation role and intervention conditions such as the role of traders and sellers' competition with each other, strategies of diversity in cashmere goods, variety in design and color of cashmere and consequences such as branding, specialness and uniqueness have caused cashmere branding.Today, a special term called "brand" is used to offer and introduce goods and services and compare them with other similar products. The present study seeks to investigate the social and economic contexts of cashmere branding in Yazd. This research seeks to answer the question of what steps cashmere weaving has taken in Yazd to achieve branding and what are the socio-cultural and economic factors of this branding. The method of the present study was qualitative and the underlying theory was used. And the statistical sample of the research of 11 experts and owners of famous cashmere brands has been selected by purposive sampling in Yazd. The results of data analysis show that the causal conditions affecting the branding of cashmere include the will to reprocess and change the cashmere and try to turn it from handmade and artistic goods and then into modern and machine goods with the aim of mass production. Yazidis 'hard work and transportation role and intervention conditions such as the role of traders and sellers' competition with each other, strategies of diversity in cashmere goods, variety in design and color of cashmere and consequences such as branding, specialness and uniqueness have caused cashmere branding.https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_86693_d3ce20def8ec821f398e1d452231a888.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121Anthropological Study of Safavid Gifts to the Ottoman Court: Case Study of Clothing and ObjectsAnthropological Study of Safavid Gifts to the Ottoman Court: Case Study of Clothing and Objects3263058674510.22059/ijar.2022.335801.459722FASomayeNoorinejadAssistant Professor, Department of Art and Architecture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-5914-3722Journal Article20211231Safavid rulers used gifts as a political strategy, and these messages conveyed messages of their artistic and cultural power. Textiles are among the gifts that have been used extensively in the Safavid court and have been used as a tool to demonstrate the power of the government and courtiers.This research tries to use the reports of tourists and scholars who were familiar with the luxurious textiles of that period, in addition to using historical writings related to the Safavid and Ottoman periods. Research sources include gifts that were sent from the Safavid court to the Ottoman court and cover the characteristics of Safavid textiles. The statistical population includes 5 textiles that are available as gifts from the Safavid government in the Topkapi Museum in Istanbul.<br />The results show that the designs of Safavid fabrics often had a double meaning and were generously donated to the Ottoman court, while carrying various anthropological and political motives and messages.Safavid rulers used gifts as a political strategy, and these messages conveyed messages of their artistic and cultural power. Textiles are among the gifts that have been used extensively in the Safavid court and have been used as a tool to demonstrate the power of the government and courtiers.This research tries to use the reports of tourists and scholars who were familiar with the luxurious textiles of that period, in addition to using historical writings related to the Safavid and Ottoman periods. Research sources include gifts that were sent from the Safavid court to the Ottoman court and cover the characteristics of Safavid textiles. The statistical population includes 5 textiles that are available as gifts from the Safavid government in the Topkapi Museum in Istanbul.<br />The results show that the designs of Safavid fabrics often had a double meaning and were generously donated to the Ottoman court, while carrying various anthropological and political motives and messages.https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_86745_6d41d14036092bc66908a3af726fe53b.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranIranian Journal of Anthropological Research2251-819311220220121A Historical Analysis of Photography and AnthropologyA Historical Analysis of Photography and Anthropology3273348698410.22059/ijar.2022.339719.459740FAMohammadHasanpourAssistant Professor, Department of Handicraft, Faculty of Art, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran0000-0002-1087-3994Journal Article20220227Photography, since its invention in the mid-nineteenth century, has been considered and used in many modern scientific disciplines and has been able to develop and advance various scientific goals. Anthropologists and ethnographers used photographs to discover, capture, and study various societies, and photography became virtually an integral part of the study and research, and much later in the third decade of the twentieth century,various branches of social photography (such as social documentary photography) arose from these surveying, geographical, ethnographic, and anthropological photographs. The question, however,is to what extent did anthropological photography adhere to the inherent characteristics of this emerging medium (objective and direct recording)?The answer to this question seems important because we look at some of the results of the purposeful use of such photographs in the fields of Orientalism and colonialism in Western societies. For this purpose, and to achieve a more accurate answer,in the present study,we will define and study anthropological, humanistic and ethnographic photographs using the method of historical analysis, and critically analyze it in the context of social studies of history.We conclude that the different interpretations of the photographs are generally and largely the result of the obvious interests pursued by Western anthropologists.Photography, since its invention in the mid-nineteenth century, has been considered and used in many modern scientific disciplines and has been able to develop and advance various scientific goals. Anthropologists and ethnographers used photographs to discover, capture, and study various societies, and photography became virtually an integral part of the study and research, and much later in the third decade of the twentieth century,various branches of social photography (such as social documentary photography) arose from these surveying, geographical, ethnographic, and anthropological photographs. The question, however,is to what extent did anthropological photography adhere to the inherent characteristics of this emerging medium (objective and direct recording)?The answer to this question seems important because we look at some of the results of the purposeful use of such photographs in the fields of Orientalism and colonialism in Western societies. For this purpose, and to achieve a more accurate answer,in the present study,we will define and study anthropological, humanistic and ethnographic photographs using the method of historical analysis, and critically analyze it in the context of social studies of history.We conclude that the different interpretations of the photographs are generally and largely the result of the obvious interests pursued by Western anthropologists.https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_86984_68f2c37e165f857ab29729f73ff0f87b.pdf