Understanding of the Factors Affecting Exclusion and Segregation of the Ethnic Minority Groups; Kolys Living in Nobonyad Town, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student in Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran

2 Professor in Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

In spite of the fact that Kolys live for many years in Iran, they have always been excluded by the majorities and have been recognized by a special identity in the imagination of them, so that in different cities, including the city of Sari, they have experienced displacement and leaving their place of residence. Therefore, this research has been done by using ethnographic method and qualitative content analysis with the aim of understanding the contexts, conditions, and experiences of Kolys living in the Nobonyad town about exclusion,. The results of this study show that exclusion of Kolys living in the Nobonyad town is due to two main factors which are different culture and continuous social, economic, political, and legal deprivation. Although each of these factors exacerbates the other, the simultaneous effects of these two factors do not apply to all Kolys. These factors lead to generating fear through othering and generalizing negative imaginations. Overcoming this fear, enables a different set of processes such as rejecting the other, strengthening social capital within the group, reducing exposure and effective out-group relationships, and spatial segregation to take place, which lead to the exclusion of Kolys in various dimensions and domains of everyday life.

Keywords

References

Barry, B. (1998). Social exclusion, Social isolation and the distribution of income. CASE paper, London School of Economics.
 Berghman, J. (1995). Social exclusion in Europe: Policy context and analytical framework". In Beyond the Threshold: The measurement and analysis of social exclusion, Graham Room (Ed.) Bristol: The Policy Press.
Bossert, W., D'ambrosio, C., & Peragine, V. (2007). Deprivation and social exclusion. Economica, 74(296), 777-803.
Brewer, J. D. (2005). Ethnography. Philadelphia: Open University Press. Chakravarty, S. R., & D’Ambrosio, C. (2006). The measurement of social exclusion. Review of Income and wealth, 52(3), 377-398.
Feitosa, F. F., Camara, G., Monteiro, A. M. V., Koschitzki, T., & Silva, M. P. (2007). Global and local spatial indices of urban segregation. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21(3), 299-323.
Goicoechea, E. R. (2005). Immigrants contesting ethnic exclusion: structures and practices of identity. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(3), 654-669.
Greenfields, M., & Smith, D. (2011). A question of identity: the social exclusion of housed gypsies and travellers. Research, Policy and Planning, 28(3), 65-78.
Haan, A. D. (1998). ‘SocialExclusion’: An Alternative Concept for the Study of Deprivation?. IDS bulletin, 29(1), 10-19.
Levitas, R., Pantazis, C., Fahmy, E., Gordon, D., Lloyd-Reichling, E., & Patsios, D. (2007). The multi-dimensional analysis of social exclusion.
Percy-Smith, J. (2000). Policy responses to social exclusion: Towards inclusion?. McgrawHill Education (UK).
Phillips, D. (2006). Parallel lives? Challenging discourses of British Muslim selfsegregation. Environment and planning D: society and space, 24(1), 25-40.
Polanyi, K. (1944). The Great Transformation. NewYork: Rinehart and Co.
Sandercock, L., & Lyssiotis, P. (Eds.). (2003). Cosmopolis II: Mongrel cities of the 21st century. A&C Black.
Sandercock, L., Attili, G., Cavers, V., & Carr, P. (2009). Where strangers become neighbours: Integrating immigrants in Vancouver, Canada (Vol. 4). Dordrecht: Springer.
Yiftachel, O., & Yacobi, H. (2003). Urban ethnocracy: Ethnicization and the production of space in an Israeli ‘mixed city’. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 21(6), 673-693.
Zaami, M. (2015). 'I fit the description': experiences of social and spatial exclusion among Ghanaian immigrant youth in the Jane and Finch neighbourhood of Toronto. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 47(3), 69-89.
Iranian Journal of Anthropological Research
Volume 11, Issue 2 - Serial Number 22
Indexing Databases
September 2022
Pages 149-187

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics