جنسیت در باستان‌شناسی و باستان‌شناسی جنسیتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه باستان شناسی، دانشکده‌ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

2 استاد گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده‌ی علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

3 استادیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده‌ی علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

بیشتر باستان‌شناسان تا میانه‌ی قرن بیستم، نیمی از گروه‌های انسانی یعنی؛ «زنان» و نقش‌های گوناگونی که در مسیر دگرگشت جوامع انسانی داشتند را نادیده گرفته‌ بودند. زنان همچون مادرانِ محدود به حوزه‌ی خانگی درنظر گرفته می‌شدند. تقسیم کار جنسیتی و خانواده‌ی هسته‌ای همچون رویدادی طبیعی درنظر گرفته می‌شد و شکار مردان، شتاب‌دهنده‌ی نخستین، در دگرگشت انسان پنداشته می‌شد. جنبش‌های زنان در دهه‌ها‌ی 1960 و 1970، دیدگاه‌های دگرگونی از تحول جوامع انسانی را پدید آورد که بر نقش‌های زنان متمرکز شد. اگر در آغاز، فمینیست‌ها دغدغه‌ی جست‌وجوی زنان در منابع را داشتند، امروزه بسیار فراتر رفته و پنداشت‌ها از مفاهیم جهانیِ جنس، جنسیت و فردیت را به ‌چالش می‌کشند. ولی بسیاری از باستان‌شناسان از برچسب فمینیست فاصله می‌گیرند و بر این باورند که پژوهش‌های جنسیتی دامنه‌ی گسترده‌تری از مقوله‌های جنسیتی را دربر می‌گیرد. در خاور نزدیک، پژوهش‌های جنسیتی از دهه‌ی 1990 به‌گونه‌ای جدی پی گرفته شد و همچنان نیاز به پژوهش‌ها با کاربست نگره‌‌ها و روش‌های نظام‌مند به‌روشنی احساس می‌شود. شوربختانه در باستان‌شناسی ایران، موضوع جنسیت و زنان تا اندازه‌ی زیادی نادیده گرفته شده است و پژوهش‌های انگشت‌شماری انجام شده است. در این نوشتار به بازگویی شکل‌گیری پژوهش‌های زنان و جنسیت در باستان‌شناسی می‌پردازیم. با وجود دامنه‌ی گسترده‌ای از رویکردها، هیچ نگره‌ یا مکتب فکری واحدی به جایگاه برتری نرسیده است، و هنوز هم در بسیاری از پژوهش‌ها نگاه مرد محور جریان اصلی پژوهش را پیش می‌برند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Gender in Archaeology and Gender Archaeology

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samaneh Nazif 1
  • Hamed Vahdati Nasab 2
  • Kourosh Mohammadkhani 3
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Most archaeologists, by the middle of the twentieth century, have been ignored half of the human groups, meaning women and the various roles they had in the evolution of human societies. Women’s movements in the 1960s and 1970s made way to an altered views of human societies evolution that focused on women’s roles. If in the beginning, the feminists had the dilemma of looking for women in the primary sources, today they could go on much beyond and challenge assumptions of universal notions such as sex, gender, and subjectivity. However, many archaeologists have distanced themselves from the feminist label, arguing that gender research covers a wider range of gender categories. In the Near East, gender research has been pursued seriously since the 1990s, albeit a clarified need for research using systematic theories and methodology. In Iranian archaeology, a handful of studies have been conducted on the subject of gender and women. In this article, the formation of research on women and gender archaeology have been recounted. Despite the wide range of approaches, no single theory or school of thought has risen to a position of preeminence, and the androcentric view still carry the mainstream research in many studies.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • archaeology
  • feminism
  • gender
  • gender archaeology
  • women
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