مطالعه انسان شناختی پدیده دعا و دعانویسی در شهرایلام

Anthropology, as a social science, studies human societies and cultures. One aspect examined in this field is religious and spiritual beliefs and rituals, including prayer and amulet writing. In official religion, prayer is considered a spiritual and worship act and a means for direct communication with God, expressing needs, and making individual and collective requests. In unofficial (or folk) religion, prayer holds a similar status to official religion, but with the difference that in this case, prayer is not seen as a direct communication with God. Instead, believers view prayer as a practice through which the power and abilities of figures known as amulet writers, mullahs, and sayyids influence various life events for themselves and others. Thus, prayer and amulet writing can be seen as complex phenomena, sometimes resembling magic, and at other times being part of religious beliefs and practices.

This research examines beliefs, diversity of perspectives, generational and gender differences, and the reasons for consulting amulet writers in Ilam province. It explores the role of prayer and amulet writing in addressing various everyday problems. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the social and cultural impacts of prayer and amulet writing in a specific society.

Data collection was conducted through field studies (observing ritual details, execution methods of prayers, and related beliefs) and interviews and conversations (to access personal views and experiences of individuals and various groups) in Ilam province, with an emphasis on the city of Ilam. The collected data were analyzed by identifying themes, patterns, and key concepts.

The results of the research show that belief in prayer and amulet writing is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon influenced by social, cultural, and generational factors, categorized into three main groups: believers in prayer and amulets, non-believers, and the undecided. Individuals have different perspectives on prayer and amulets based on their personal experiences and social environments. The research indicated that belief in prayer and amulets is more prevalent among older generations than younger ones, and women believe in prayer more than men. Cultural and social factors and women's varied life experiences play a significant role in this belief.

The results also reveal that individuals consult amulet writers for various reasons, including resolving everyday problems, psychological and emotional issues, family and social problems, and illnesses. Additionally, amulet writing can sometimes have negative and destructive effects. This research also examines the differences and types of amulet writers, the methods of performing prayers, the places and tools used, and the complexity of their actions. It demonstrates that despite technological advancements and social changes, prayer and amulet writing still play a significant role in the culture and beliefs of the people in this region. This indicates a deep integration of religious and cultural beliefs with individuals' psychological and emotional needs.